torek, 8. januar 2013

by Inštrukcije naravoslovja: na danšnji dan, Stephen Hawking


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8. januar: Rojstni dan praznuje kultni Stephen Hawking

Zgodilo se je na danšanji dan leta ...
8. januar 2013 ob 00:00
MMC RTV SLO
Leta 1942 se je v Oxfordu v Angliji rodil slavni teoretski fizik Stephen William Hawking.
Rodil se je očetu Franku, biologu raziskovalcu, in materi Isobel Hawking. Že od malega se je zanimal za znanost, zato se je vpisal na študij matematike na univerzo v Oxfordu. A se je kmalu usmeril v fiziko.
Po končanem študiju matematike se je preusmeril na astronomijo, leta 1962 pa je začel študirati na Cambridgeu, kjer je poleg astronomije študiral še kozmologijo. Kmalu zatem je zbolel za boleznijo gibalnih nevronov, zaradi katere je skoraj povsem ohromel.
Njegovi glavni področji raziskovanja sta teoretična kozmologija in kvantna gravitacija. Je vodilni raziskovalec teorije črnih lukenj in nastanka vesolja. Hawking je na dokaj presenetljiv način dokazal, da črne luknje izhlapevajo, ko se dva povezana osnovna delca, delec in antidelec, ločita s singularnostjo, kar enemu izmed njiju omogoči, da se iztrga ven iz dogodkovnega obzorja. Vendar pa je ocenjen čas spet velikanski, saj bi črna luknja z maso Sonca izhlapevala 10 na 60 potenco, svoj obstoj pa bi končala v spektakularni eksploziji, s katero bi lahko nastalo novo vesolje z bolj ali manj istimi konstantami.
Za svoje delo in znanstvene dosežke je leta 2006 dobil Copleyjevo medaljo, najuglednejše priznanje, ki jo podeljuje Kraljeva družba iz Londona.

Stephen Hawking
Stephen Hawking je zaradi svoje teorije o vzporednih vesoljih nastopal tudi v kultnih Zvezdnih stezah. Foto: EPA


več na wikipedia: www.wikipedia.org

Stephen Hawking

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Stephen Hawking
CBE
black and white photo of Hawking in a chair, in an office.
Stephen Hawking at NASA, 1980s
BornStephen William Hawking
8 January 1942 (age 71)
Oxford, England
ResidenceUnited Kingdom
NationalityBritish
Fields
Institutions
Alma mater
Doctoral advisorDennis Sciama
Other academic advisorsRobert Berman
Notable students
Known for
Influences
Notable awards
Spouse
  • Jane Wilde
    (m. 1965–1991, divorced)
  • Elaine Mason
    (m. 1995–2006, divorced)
Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author. Among his significant scientific works have been a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularities theorems in the framework of general relativity, and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. Hawking was the first to set forth a cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He is a vocal supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of thePresidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. Hawking was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009.
Hawking has achieved success with works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general; his A Brief History of Time stayed on the British Sunday Times best-sellers list for a record-breaking 237 weeks. Hawking has a motor neurone disease related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a condition that has progressed over the years. He is almost entirely paralysed and communicates through a speech generating device. He married twice and has three children.

Contents

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Early life and education

Stephen Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 to Frank and Isobel Hawking.[1][2] Despite family financial constraints, both parents had attended Oxford University, where Frank had studied medicine and Isobel Philosophy, Politics and Economics.[2] The two met shortly after the beginning of the Second World War at a medical research institute where Isobel was working as a secretary and Frank as amedical researcher.[2][3] Hawking's parents lived in Highgate but as London was under attack during the Second World War, his mother went to Oxford to give birth in greater safety.[4] He has two younger sisters, Philippa and Mary, and an adopted brother, Edward.[5]Hawking began his schooling at the Byron House School; he later blamed its "progressive methods" for his failure to learn to read while at the school.[6]
In 1950, when his father became head of the division of parasitology at the National Institute for Medical Research, Hawking and his family moved to St Albans, Hertfordshire.[6][7] The eight-year-old Hawking attended St Albans High School for Girls for a few months; at that time, younger boys could attend one of the houses.[8][9] In St Albans, the family were considered highly intelligent and eccentric.[6][10] They lived a frugal existence in a large, cluttered, and poorly maintained house, and travelled in a converted London taxicab.[11][12] The family placed a high value on education, with regular trips to museums, and meals spent with everyone reading in silence.[6] During one of Hawking's father's frequent absences working in Africa,[13] the rest of the family spent four months in Majorca visiting his mother's friend Beryl and her husband, the poet Robert Graves.[8] On their return to England, Hawking attended Radlett School for a year[9] and from September 1952, St Albans School.[14] Hawking's father wanted his son to attend the well-regarded Westminster School, but 13-year-old Hawking was ill on the day of the scholarship examination. His family could not afford the school fees without the financial aid of a scholarship, so Hawking remained at St Albans.[15][16] As a positive consequence, Hawking remained with the close group of friends with whom he enjoyed board games, the manufacture of fireworks, model aeroplanes and boats,[17] and long discussions about Christianity and extrasensory perception.[18] From 1958, and with the help of the mathematics teacher Dikran Tahta, they built a computer from clock parts, an old telephone switchboard and other recycled components.[19][20]
Although at school he was known as "Einstein", Hawking was not initially successful academically.[21] With time, he began to show considerable aptitude for scientific subjects, and inspired by Tahta, decided to study mathematics at university.[22][23][24] Hawking's father advised him to study medicine, concerned that there were few jobs for mathematics graduates,[25] and wanted Hawking to attend University College, Oxford, his own alma mater. As it was not possible to read mathematics there at the time, Hawking decided to study physics and chemistry, and despite his headmaster's advice to wait till the next year, took the scholarship examinations in March 1959.[23][26] After performing well on the exams and interviews, University College accepted Hawking and offered him a scholarship.[26][27]

University studies

Hawking went up to Oxford in October 1959, at the age of 17.[28] For the first 18 months he was bored and lonely. He was younger than many other students, and he found the academic work "ridiculously easy".[29][30] His physics tutor, Robert Berman, later said "It was only necessary for him to know that something could be done, and he could do it without looking to see how other people did it."[31] A change occurred during his second and third year when, according to Berman, Hawking made more effort "to be one of the boys". He became popular as a lively and witty college member, interested in classical music and science fiction.[28] Part of the transformation resulted from his decision to join the college Boat Club, where he coxed a rowing team.[32][33] The rowing trainer at the time noted that Hawking cultivated a daredevil image, steering his crew on risky courses leading to damaged boats.[34][32]
Hawking has estimated that he had studied for only approximately 1000 hours during his three years at Oxford. These unimpressive study habits made sitting his Finals a challenge, and he decided only to answer questions on theoretical physics rather than those requiring factual knowledge. A first-class honours degree was a condition of acceptance for his plans for graduate study in cosmology at the University of Cambridge with Fred Hoyle.[35][36] Anxious, he slept poorly the night before the examinations and the final result was on the borderline between first and second class honours, making a vivanecessary.[36][37] Hawking was concerned that he was considered a lazy and difficult student, and when asked at the oral examination to describe his future plans said "If you award me a First, I will go to Cambridge. If I receive a Second, I shall stay in Oxford, so I expect you will give me a First."[36][38] He was held in higher regard than he believed: as Berman commented, the examiners "were intelligent enough to realize they were talking to someone far cleverer than most of themselves".[36] After receiving a first-class BA (Hons.) degree, and following a trip to Iran with a friend, he began his graduate work atTrinity Hall, Cambridge in October 1962.[39][40]
Hawking's first year as a doctoral student was a difficult one. He was initially disappointed to find that he had been assigned Dennis William Sciama as a supervisor rather than Hoyle,[41][42] and he found his training in mathematics inadequate for work in general relativity and cosmology.[43] He was also struggling with his health. Hawking had noticed clumsiness during his final year at Oxford, including a fall on some stairs and difficulties when rowing.[44][45] The problems worsened, and his speech became slightly slurred; his family noticed the issues when he returned home for Christmas and medical investigations were begun.[46][47] The diagnosis of motor neurone disease came when Hawking was 21. This was soon after he had met Jane Wilde who was to become his first wife. At that time doctors gave him a life expectancy of two years.[48][49] Hawking fell into a depression, and though his doctors advised that he continue with his studies, he felt there was little point.[50] At the same time, however, his relationship with Jane, an undergraduate in London, was slowly developing, and the couple were engaged in October 1964.[51][52] Hawking later said that the engagement "gave him something to live for."[53] Despite the disease's progression – Hawking had difficulty walking without support, and his speech was almost unintelligible — he returned to his work with enthusiasm and success.[54] Hawking began to develop a reputation for brilliance and brashness when he publicly challenged the work of Fred Hoyle and his student Jayant Narlikar at a lecture in June 1964.[55][56] When Hawking began his graduate studies, there was much debate in the physics community about the prevailing theories of the creation of the universe: the Big Bang and the Steady State theories.[57] Inspired by Roger Penrose's theorem of a spacetime singularity in the centre of black holes, Hawking applied the same thinking to the entire universe, and during 1965 wrote up his thesis on this topic.[58] There were other positive developments: Hawking received a research fellowship at Gonville and Caius College, and he and Jane were married on July 14 1965.[59] He completed his doctorate in March 1966,[60] and his essay entitled "Singularities and the Geometry of Space-Time" shared top honours with one by Penrose to win that year's Adams Prize.[61][60]

Career

1966–75

The first years of marriage were hectic: Jane lived in London during the week as she completed her degree, and the couple had difficulty finding housing that was close enough to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP) that Hawking, with his two sticks, could walk there. They travelled to the United States several times for conferences and physics-related visits. Jane began a PhD program, and a son, Robert, was born in May 1967.[62][63] In his work, and in collaboration with Penrose, Hawking extended the singularity theorem concepts first explored in his PhD thesis. This included not only the existence of singularities but also the theory that the universe may have started as a singularity.[64][65] Their joint essay was the runner up in the 1968 Gravity Research Foundationcompetition, and in 1970 they published a proof that if the universe obeys the general theory of relativity and fits any of the models of physical cosmology developed by Alexander Friedmann, then it must havebegun as a singularity.[66][67][68]
During the late 1960s, Hawking's physical abilities declined once again: he began to use crutches and ceased lecturing regularly.[69] As he slowly lost the ability to use his hands to write, he developed visual methods of working to compensate, including seeing equations in terms of geometry.[70][71] He was, however, fiercely independent and unwilling to accept help or make concessions for his disabilities. Jane Hawking later noted that "Some people would call it determination, some obstinacy. I've called it both at one time or another."[72] He required much persuasion to accept the use of a wheelchair at the end of the 1960s.[73] Hawking was a popular and witty colleague, but his illness as well as his reputation for brashness and intelligence distanced him from some.[72] In 1969, Hawking accepted a specially created 'Fellowship for Distinction in Science' to remain at Caius.[74]
A daughter, Lucy, was born in 1970, and soon after Hawking discovered what became known as the second law of black hole dynamics, that the event horizon of a black hole can never get smaller.[75] WithJames M. Bardeen and Brandon Carter, he proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics, drawing an analogy with thermodynamics.[76] To Hawking's irritation, Jacob Bekenstein, a graduate student ofJohn Wheeler, went further — and ultimately correctly — applying thermodynamic concepts literally.[77][78] In the early 1970s, Hawking's work with Carter, Werner Israel and David C. Robinson strongly supported Wheeler's no-hair theorem that no matter what the original material from which a black hole is created it can be completely described by the properties of mass, electrical charge and rotation.[79][80]His essay titled "Black Holes" won the Gravity Research Foundation Award in January 1971.[81] Hawking's first book The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time written with George Ellis was published in 1973.[82]
Beginning in 1973, Hawking moved into the study of quantum gravity and quantum mechanics.[83][82] His work in this area was spurred by a visit to Moscow and discussions with Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovichand Alexander Starobinsky, whose work showed that according to the uncertainty principle rotating black holes emit particles.[84] To Hawking's annoyance, his much-checked calculations produced findings that contradicted his second law, which claimed black holes could never get smaller,[85] and supported Bekenstein's reasoning about their entropy.[86][84] His results, which Hawking presented from 1974, showed that black holes emit radiation, known today as Hawking radiation, which may continue until they exhaust their energy and evaporate.[87][88][89] Initially, Hawking radiation was controversial. However by the late 1970s and following the publication of further research, the discovery was widely accepted as a significant breakthrough in theoretical physics.[90][91][92] In March 1974, a few weeks after the announcement of Hawking radiation, Hawking was invested as a Fellow of the Royal Society, one of the youngest scientists to be so honoured.[93][94]
Hawking rarely discussed his illness and physical challenges, even — in a precedent set during their courtship — with Jane. [95] Hawking's disabilities meant that the responsibilities of home and family rested firmly on his wife's increasingly overwhelmed shoulders, leaving him more time to think about physics.[96] When in 1974 Hawking was appointed to the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Scholar visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Jane proposed that a graduate or post-doctoral student live with them and help with his care. Hawking accepted, and Bernard Carr travelled to California with them as the first of many students who fulfilled this role.[97] The family spent a generally happy and stimulating year in Pasadena. [98] Hawking worked with his friend on the faculty, Kip Thorne,[99] and engaged him in a bet about whether the dark star Cygnus X-1 was a black hole. The wager was a surprising "insurance policy" against the proposition that black holes did not exist.[100]Hawking acknowledged that he had lost the bet in 1990.[101] Hawking has maintained ties to Caltech, spending a month there almost every year since this first visit.[102]

1975–present

Hawking outside, in his wheelchair, talking to David Gross and Edward Witten
Hawking with string theorists David Gross and Edward Witten at the 2001 Strings Conference, TIFR, India
Hawking returned to Cambridge in 1975 to a new home, a new job - as reader. Don Page, with whom Hawking had begun a close friendship at CalTech, arrived to work as the live-in graduate student assistant; with his help and of Hawking's new secretary, Jane's responsibilities were reduced and she returned to work on her thesis and develop her interest in singing.[103] The mid to late 1970s were a period of growing public awareness and fame for Hawking and his work. He appearing in television documentaries.[104] In 1977 Hawking was appointed a professor with a chair in gravitational physics.[105]
In 1979 Hawking became the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, a position he held for 30 years until he retired in 2009.[106][107] Hawking's inaugural lecture as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics was titled: "Is the end in sight for Theoretical Physics" and promoted the idea that supergravity would help solve many of the outstanding problems physicists were studying.[108] A third child, Timothy, was born in April 1979.[109] In 1982, Hawking participated in the three-week Nuffield Workshop on the Very Early Universe at Cambridge University.[110] He participated in one of four groups that calculated the fluctuations of cosmological inflation.[111]
In December 1977, Jane had met organist Jonathan Hellyer Jones when singing in a church choir. Hellyer Jones became close to the Hawking family, and by the mid 1980s, he and Jane had developed romantic feelings for each other.[105][112] According to Jane, her husband was accepting of the situation, stating "he would not object so long as I continued to love him."[105][113] Jane and Hellyer Jones determined not to break up the family and their relationship remained platonic for a long period.[114] In collaboration with Jim Hartle in 1983, Hawking developed a model, known as the Hartle–Hawking state, a proposal that, prior to the Planck epoch, the universe had no boundary in space-time; essentially before the Big Bang, time did not exist and the concept of the beginning of the universe is meaningless.[115]This replaced the initial singularity of the classical Big Bang models with a region akin to the North Pole. One cannot travel north of the North Pole, but there is no boundary there – it is simply the point where all north-running lines meet and end.[116] While initially the no-boundary proposal predicted a closed universe, discussions with Neil Turok led to the realisation that it is also compatible with an open universe.[117] Later work by Hawking appeared to show that, if this no-boundary proposition were correct, then when the universe stopped expanding and eventually collapsed, time would run backwards.[118] Work by one of his former students, Don Page, led Hawking to withdraw this concept.[119]
Along with Thomas Hertog at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), in 2006 Hawking proposed a theory of "top-down cosmology", which says that the universe had no unique initial state and therefore that it is inappropriate to formulate a theory that predicts the universe's current configuration from one particular initial state.[120] Top-down cosmology posits that in some sense, the present "selects" the past from a superposition of many possible histories. In doing so, the theory suggests a possible resolution of the fine-tuning question.[121]

Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet

Main article: Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet
In 1997, Hawking made a public scientific wager with Kip Thorne and John Preskill of Caltech concerning the black hole information paradox.[122] Thorne and Hawking argued that since general relativity made it impossible for black holes to radiate and lose information, the mass-energy and information carried by Hawking Radiation must be "new", and not from inside the black hole event horizon. Since this contradicted the quantum mechanics of microcausality, quantum mechanics would need to be rewritten. Preskill argued the opposite, that since quantum mechanics suggests that the information emitted by a black hole relates to information that fell in at an earlier time, the concept of black holes given by general relativity must be modified in some way.[123] The winner of the bet was to receive an encyclopedia of the loser's choice.[122]
In 2004, Hawking announced that he was conceding the bet because he now believed that black hole horizons should fluctuate and leak information, and gave Preskill a copy of Total Baseball. Comparing the useless information obtainable from a black hole to "burning an encyclopedia", Hawking commented, "I gave John an encyclopedia of baseball, but maybe I should just have given him the ashes".[122]

Personal life

Hawking married Jane Wilde in 1965. Jane cared for him until 1990 when the couple separated.[124] Hawking married his personal care assistant, Elaine Mason, in 1995;[124] the couple divorced in October 2006.[125] In 1999, Jane Hawking published a memoir, Music to Move the Stars, describing her marriage to Hawking and its breakdown; in 2010 she published a revised version, Travelling to Infinity, My Life with Stephen.[126]

Illness

Hawking sitting in his wheelchair inside
Hawking on 5 May 2006, during the press conference at the Bibliothèque nationale de France to inaugurate the Laboratory of Astronomy and Particles in Paris and the French release of his work God Created the Integers
Hawking has a motor neurone disease related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, a condition that has progressed over the years. As of 2012, he is almost completely paralysed and communicates through a speech generating device. Hawking's illness has advanced more slowly than typical cases of ALS: survival for more than 10 years after diagnosis is uncommon.[127][128]
Symptoms of the disease include increasing inability to control physical movements, including vocal functions, and severe coughing spells. In 1970, his difficulty in getting around made a wheelchair necessary.[129] From 1974 he could not feed himself or get out of bed, so graduate students helped, receiving free accommodation in return.[130] His speech became so slurred that he could be understood only by people who knew him well.[130] During a visit to CERN in Geneva in 1985, Hawking contracted pneumonia, which in his condition was life-threatening as it further restricted his already limited respiratory capacity. He had an emergency tracheotomy, losing what remained of his ability to speak.[131] A speech generating device was built in Cambridge, using software from an American company, that enables Hawking to operate a computer keyboard with small movements of his body, and then have a speech synthesiser speak the output.[132]
The speech synthesiser hardware he uses, DECtalk, which has an American accent, is no longer produced.[133] Asked why he has kept the same voice for so many years, Hawking stated that he has not heard a voice he likes better and that he identifies with it even though the synthesiser is both large and fragile by current standards.[134] For lectures and media appearances, Hawking prepares his remarks in advance,[not in citation given] but when he answers questions, he and his system produce words at a rate of about one per minute, so it can take several minutes for him to generate an answer.[135] Although Hawking's setup requires only a few characters to signal a complete word or phrase,[not in citation given] because he can only enter data by twitching his cheek muscles, constructing complete sentences takes time.[135][136] Intel is working on a facial recognition system that will help speed up the writing.[137] The disease-related deterioration of his facial nerves continues such that there is a risk of him acquiringlocked-in syndrome, so Hawking is collaborating with neuroscientists on a brain–computer interface that could translate Hawking's brain patterns into signals which would allow him to select letters and words.[136][137]
Dr. Hawking describes himself as lucky, as the slow progression of his disease has allowed him time to make influential discoveries and has not hindered him because, in his words, of "the help I have received from Jane, my children, and a large number of other people and organisations".[132]

Space and spaceflight

Hawking, without his wheelchair, floating weightless in the air inside a plane
Hawking taking a zero-gravity flight in a "Vomit Comet" in 2007
Hawking has suggested that space is the Earth's long term hope[138] and has indicated that he is almost certain that alien life exists in other parts of the universe: "To my mathematical brain, the numbers alone make thinking about aliens perfectly rational. The real challenge is to work out what aliens might actually be like".[139] He believes alien life not only exists on planets but perhaps in other places, like within stars or floating in outer space. He has also warned that a few of these species might be intelligent and threaten Earth:[140] "If aliens visit us, the outcome would be much as when Columbus landed in America, which didn't turn out well for the Native Americans".[139] He has advocated that, rather than try to establish contact, humans should try to avoid contact with alien life forms.[139]
In 2007, Hawking took a zero-gravity flight in a "Vomit Comet", courtesy of Zero Gravity Corporation, during which he experienced weightlessness eight times.[141] He was the first quadriplegic to float in zero gravity. Before the flight Hawking said:
"Many people have asked me why I am taking this flight. I am doing it for many reasons. First of all, I believe that life on Earth is at an ever-increasing risk of being wiped out by a disaster such as sudden nuclear war, a genetically engineered virus, or other dangers. I think the human race has no future if it doesn't go into space. I therefore want to encourage public interest in space."[142]

Religious and philosophical views

In his early work, Hawking spoke of God in a metaphorical sense. In A Brief History of Time he wrote: "If we discover a complete theory, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason – for then we should know the mind of God."[143] In the same book he suggested the existence of God was unnecessary to explain the origin of the universe.[144] Hawking has stated that he is "not religious in the normal sense" and he believes that "the universe is governed by the laws of science. The laws may have been decreed by God, but God does not intervene to break the laws."[145] In an interview published in The Guardian, Hawking regarded the concept of Heaven as a myth, believing that there is "no heaven or afterlife" and that such a notion was a "fairy story for people afraid of the dark."[143][146]
At Google's Zeitgeist Conference in 2011, Hawking said that "philosophy is dead." He believes philosophers "have not kept up with modern developments in science" and that scientists "have become the bearers of the torch of discovery in our quest for knowledge." He said that philosophical problems can be answered by science, particularly new scientific theories which "lead us to a new and very different picture of the universe and our place in it".[147]

Recognition

Barack Obama talking to Stehen Hawking in the White House
U.S. President Barack Obama talks with Stephen Hawking in the Blue Room of the White House before a ceremony presenting him and 15 others the Presidential Medal of Freedom on 12 August 2009.
On 19 December 2007, a statue of Hawking by artist Ian Walters was unveiled at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, University of Cambridge.[148] Buildings named after Hawking include the Stephen W. Hawking Science Museum in San Salvador, El Salvador,[149] the Stephen Hawking Building in Cambridge,[150] and the Stephen Hawking Centre at Perimeter Institute in Canada.[151] In 2002, following a UK-wide vote, the BBC included him in their list of the 100 Greatest Britons.[152]

Awards and honours

Hawking has been awarded both the Eddington Medal (1975) and the Gold Medal (1985) from the British Royal Astronomical Society, and the Hughes (1976) and Copley (2006) Medals from the Royal Society.[124][153] In 1979 he received the Swiss Albert Einstein Medal[124] and he shared the Israeli Wolf Prize in Physics with Roger Penrose in 1988.[124] In 1981 he was awarded the American Franklin Medal, in 1999 the Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize of the American Physical Society,[154] and in 2003 the Michelson-Morley Award of Case Western Reserve University.[124] He was made a CBE in 1982 and aCompanion of Honour in 1989.[124] In 2009 he received America's highest civilian honour, the Presidential Medal of Freedom,[155] He has also been awarded Spain's Fonseca Prize (2008)[156] and the Russian Fundamental Physics Prize (2012).[157]

Popular publications

Hawking's first popular science book, A Brief History of Time, was published on 1 April 1988[158] and stayed on the British Sunday Times best-sellers list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.[159] It was followed by The Universe in a Nutshell (2001). A collection of essays titled Black Holes and Baby Universes (1993) was also popular. He co-wrote A Briefer History of Time (2005) with Leonard Mlodinow to update his earlier works to make them accessible to a wider audience. In 2007 Hawking and his daughter, Lucy Hawking, published George's Secret Key to the Universe, a children's book focusing on science that Lucy Hawking described as "a bit like Harry Potter but without the magic."[160]

Books

Children's fiction

Hawking and his daughter Lucy on stage at a presentation
Stephen Hawking being presented by his daughter Lucy Hawking at the lecture he gave for NASA's 50th anniversary
These are co-written with his daughter Lucy.

Films and series

In popular culture

Main article: Stephen Hawking in popular culture
Hawking has appeared as himself on episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation,[172] The Simpsons,[173] Futurama,[174] and The Big Bang Theory.[175] His synthesiser voice was used on parts of thePink Floyd song "Keep Talking".[176]
Hawking's early life and the onset of his illness was the subject of the 2004 BBC Four TV film Hawking in which he was portrayed by Benedict Cumberbatch. In 2008, he was featured in the documentary series Stephen Hawking, Master of the Universe, for Channel 4. He presided over the unveiling of the "Chronophage" (time-eating) Corpus Clock at Corpus Christi College Cambridge in September of the same year.[177]
On 29 August 2012 he narrated the Enlightenment segment of the 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony.[178]

See also

References

  1. ^ Larsen 2005, pp. xiii, 2.
  2. ^ a b c Ferguson 2011, p. 21.
  3. ^ White & Gribbin 2002, p. 6.
  4. ^ Ferguson 2011, pp. 21–22.
  5. ^ Larsen 2005, pp. 2, 5.
  6. ^ a b c d Ferguson 2011, p. 22.
  7. ^ Larsen 2005, p. xiii.
  8. ^ a b Larsen 2005, p. 3.
  9. ^ a b Ferguson 2011, p. 24.
  10. ^ White & Gribbin 2002, p. 12.
  11. ^ Ferguson 2011, pp. 22–23.
  12. ^ White & Gribbin 2002, pp. 11–12.
  13. ^ White & Gribbin 2002, p. 13.
  14. ^ White & Gribbin 2002, p. 8.
  15. ^ White & Gribbin 2002, pp. 7–8.
  16. ^ Larsen 2005, p. 4.
  17. ^ Ferguson 2011, pp. 25–26.
  18. ^ White & Gribbin 2002, pp. 14–16.
  19. ^ Ferguson 2011, p. 26.
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Stephen Hawking's Grand Design - The Meaning of Life






Avtor ob Ni komentarjev:

ponedeljek, 7. januar 2013

by Inštrukcije naravoslovja: Nikola Tesla, 70 let


Nikola Tesla o naravi sveta
SKRIVNOSTI SVETA


Del enega od številnih intervjujev, ki ga je imel Nikola Tesla, kjer povzemam predvsem njegove komentarje o naravi sveta.


TESLA: Lepoto in vonj cvetlice lahko jemljemo kot zdravilo, sončno svetlobo pa kot hrano. Življenje ima neskončno mnogo vidikov in naloga znanstvenika je, da jih išče v vsaki obliki materije.

TESLA: Nаjprej je bilа energijа, nato materija.

TESLA: Mаterijа je ustvarjena iz prvobitne in večne energije, ki jo poznamo kot Svetlobo. Ta je zasijala in pojavile so se zvezde, planeti, človek in vse kar je na Zemlji in v Vesolju. Materija je odraz neskončnih vidikov Svetlobe; zato je energija starejša od nje. Obstajajo štirje zakoni Stvarstva:
zakon – Izvor vsega je v Nedoumljivem, črnem delcu, ki si ga um ne more zamisliti niti ga matematika ne more izmeriti.
zakon – Širjenje teme (prave narave Svetlobe) iz Nedoumljivega in njena preobrazba v svetlo.
zakon – Potreba Svetlobe, da postane materija.
zakon – Ni začetka in ni konca; trije predhodni zakoni trajajo od nekdaj in Stvarjenje je večno.

TESLA: Zapomnite si: ni ukrivljen prostor temveč je ukrivljen človeški um, ki ne more dojeti Neskončnosti in Večnosti! Če bi to bilo jasno tvorcu relativnosti, bi dosegel nesmrtnost tudi v fizičnem stanju. Če bi jo le želel. Jaz sem del svetlobe. Ona je glasba. Svetloba zapolnjuje mojih šest čutil: jaz jo vidim, slišim, čutim, vonjam, se je dotikam in jo mislim. Mišljenje je moj šesti čut. Delci svetlobe so kot zapisane note. En blisk je lahko celotna sonata. Tisoč bliskov je koncert. Za takšen koncert sem ustvaril okrogle bliske, ki jih pogosto slišimo po ledenih vrhovih Himalaje.

NOVINAR: Gospod Teslа, ali vi to glasbo slišite?

TESLA: Vedno. Moje duhovno uho je veliko kot nebo, ki ga vidimo nad nami. Svoje fizično uho sem povečal z rаdаrjem. Če sledimo teoriji Relativnosti, se bosta dve vzporedni črti srečali v Neskončnosti. Tako bo tudi Einsteinova krivulja postala ravna črta. Ko je zvok enkrat ustvarjen, traja večno. Človeku se lahko zdi, da je zvok izginil, vendar on še naprej traja v tišini in ta tišina je njegova največja moč.

NOVINAR: Pogosto govorite o vizualizaciji.

TESLA: Vizualizaciji se lahko zahvalim za vse, kar sem ustvaril. Dogodki iz mojega življenja in moja odkritja so pred mojimi očmi tako resnični in vidni, kot vsak pojav in predmet. V mladosti sem se tega bal, saj pravzaprav nisem vedel, za kaj gre. Kasneje pa sem to sposobnost sprejel kot izjemen dar in dediščino. Negoval sem ga in ga ljubosumno čuval. Skozi vizualizacijo sem pri večini izumov delal tudi popravke. In jih seveda potem tako dokončane tudi izdelal. Z vizualizacijo rešujem tudi kompleksne matematične enačbe, ne da bi mi bilo potrebno tudi izpisovati posamezne številke. V Tibetu bi zaradi tega mojega daru prejel status visokega Lame.

Ja, to se tako dela. Moj vid in sluh sta popolna in to lahko svobodno trdim, tudi precej močnejša kot pri ostalih ljudeh. Jaz grmenje slišim na razdalji preko 200 km, na nebu pa vidim barve, ki jih večina sploh ne vidi. Ta boljši vid in sluh imam že od otroštva. Kasneje sem ju tudi zavestno še dodatno razvijal.

NOVINAR: Kaj je to sedma prilagoditev?

TESLA: Znаnje o tem, kako se psihične in vitalne energije pretvarjajo v tisto, kar si želimo in o tem, kako dosežemo nadzor nad vsemi čutili. Indijci to imenujejo Joga Kundalini. Vsega tega znanja se je mogoče naučiti, vendar so za to ali potrebna leta ali pa se takšni rodite. Jaz sem se večinoma že rodil s takšnimi znanji. So neposredno povezana s spolno energijo, ki je ob svetlobni najbolj razširjena v Vesolju. Ženska je največji tat te energije, in s tem tudi duhovnih moči. Jaz vem to že od nekdaj in se tako tudi čuvam. Sebe sem razvil v to, kar sem si želel: miselni in duhovni stroj.

NOVINAR: Kaj pa deveta prilagoditev, gospod Teslа?

TESLA: Narediti vse, da nikoli, niti za en dan, niti za en trenutek, če je to le mogoče, ne pozabite, kdo smo in zakaj smo na zemlji.

NOVINAR: Kaj pa je deseta prilagoditev?

TESLA: Ta je najpomembnejša. Napišite, da se je g.Tesla igrаl. Igrаl se je celo življenje in v tem tudi užival.

NOVINAR: Gospod Teslа! Ali s tem mislite na svoja odkritja in vaše delo? Je to bila igra?

TESLA: Da, mladi gospod. Jаz sem se zelo rad igral z elektriko! Vedno me oblije kurja polt, ko poslušam o tistem Grku, ki je ukradel ogenj. Grozna zgodba o ujetništvu in orlih, ki mu kljuvajo drobovje. Kaj Zevs ni imel dovolj strel in gromov, da se je počutil revnega zaradi enega samega ogorka? Tukaj obstaja nekakšen nesporazum.

NOVINAR: Bralci našega časnika imajo radi humor. Vendar ste me presenetili z izjavo, da so tudi vaša odkritja, ki predstavljajo neizmerno dobrobit za človeštvo, predstavljajo igro. Mnogi se bodo ob tem namrščili.

TESLA: Drаgi gospod Smith, prav v tem tudi je težava. Ljudje so preveč resni. Če to nebi bili, bi živeli bistveno dlje. Kitajski pregovor pravi, da resnobnost hitro postara.

NOVINAR: Ljudje bi radi slišali bistvo vaše filozofije.

TESLA: Življenje je ritem, ki ga je potrebno spoznati. Jаz ta ritem čutim, se po njem ravnam in se mu prepuščam. Je zelo hvaležen in dal mi je znanja, ki jih posedujem. Vse kar živi, je med seboj povezano z globokimi in čudovitimi povezavami: človek in zvezde, ameba in sonce, naše srce in kroženje neskončnega števila svetov. Teh povezav se sicer ne da prekiniti, vendar pa jih je mogoče prilagoditi tako, da človek tudi sam prične ustvarjati nove in drugačne odnose v svetu tako, da starih ne poruši.

Znanje prihaja iz vesolja; naš vid je njegov najbolj dovršen sprejemnik. Imamo dvoje oči: zemeljsko in duhovno. Vztrajati je potrebno, da postaneta eno samo. Vesolje je živo v vseh svojih manifestacijah, kot nekakšna misleča žival. Kamen je misleče in čutno bitje, tako kot so to rastline, zver in človek. Zvezda, ki sije si želi našega pogleda nanjo. Če nebi bili tako zaverovani sami vase, bi razumeli njen jezik in njena sporočila. Človek mora svoje oči in ušesa uskladiti z dihanje, očmi in ušesi Vesolja.

NOVINAR: Ko takole govorite, se mi zdi, kot da poslušam kakšen budistični tekst, besede taoistov ali pa Paracelsusov traktat.

TESLA: Dobro se vam zdi! Torej obstajajo splošne resnice in znanje, ki jih je človek posedoval od vedno. Moj občutek in izkušnje mi pravijo, da v vesolju obstaja samo ena materija in ena vrhovna energija z neskončnim številom manifestacij življenja. Najlepše pri tem je, da z eno odkrito skrivnostjo v naravi, odkrijete tudi druge. One se ne skrivajo, tukaj so okoli nas, vendar smo mi slepi in gluhi. Če se čustveno vežemo na njih, nam one same stopijo naproti. Vse je elektrika. Najprej je svetloba, neskončni izvir, iz katerega prihaja materija, ki se razporeja v vseh oblikah, ki predstavljajo vesolje in Zemljo z vsemi njenimi oblikami življenja.

Elektrika sem jaz, oz. če hočete, sem elektrika v človeški obliki. To ste tudi vi, gospod Smith, le da se tega ne zavedate. Svetloba je bila vedno na moji strani. Ali veste, kdo mi je odkril izmenično magnetno polje in indukcijski motor, kar me je tako proslavilo pri mojih šele 26-ih letih? Nekega poletnega večera v Budimpešti sva s prijateljem Sigetijem opazovala sončni zahod. Tisoče ogenjčkov se je vrtelo in plamtelo v tisočih barvah. Spomnil sem se na Fausta in ga pričel recitirati. In takrat sem v svoji zamaknjenosti videl, kako se obrača magnetno polje in kako deluje indukcijski motor. Videl sem jih v soncu!

Zvok ne obstaja samo v gromu, temveč tudi v streli; v njej je pretvorjen v sijaj in barve, in barve lahko slišimo. Govor sestavljajo besede, kar pomeni, da je sestavljen iz zvokov in barv. Vsak grom in strela se razlikuje med seboj in ima svoje ime. Jaz nekatere imenujem z imeni tistih, ki so mi v življenju blizu ali pa po tistih, katere posebej spoštujem.

Po nebu grmi in strela moja mama, sestra, brat Danilo, pesnik Zmaj in osebnosti srbske zgodovine. Imena kot so Izaija, Ezekiel, Leonardo, Beethoven, Goya, Faraday, Puškin in vsi še goreči ognji označujejo jate in skupine strel in gromov, ki ne prenehajo celo noč ter na Zemljo prinašajo potreben dež ali pa zažigajo gozdove in človeške naselbine. Obstajajo takšne strele in gromi, ki ne preidejo. Oni se vračajo in jaz jih prepoznavam med tisočimi drugih.

Jаz sem se hranil s svojimi mislimi, naučil sem se upravljati z občutji, sanjami in vizijami. Od nekdaj sem jih negoval. Tako kot sem negoval tudi svoj zanos. Celo svoje dolgo življenje sem preživel v zanosu. To je bil izvor moje sreče. On mi je pomagal, da sem lahko opravil vse to delo, ki ga je dovolj za še pet življenj. Najbolje je delati ponoči, ker so svetloba zvezd in naše misli zelo tesno povezane.

NOVINAR: Dejali ste, da sem jaz, tako kot vsako bitje, svetloba. To mi sicer laska, vendar mi ni povsem jasno, kaj ste s tem mislili.

TESLA: Zakaj pa naj bi vam bilo jasno, gospod Smith? Dovolj je, da temu verjamete. Vse je Svetloba. V samo enem žarku je usoda celotnega naroda; vsak narod ima svoj žarek v tistem velikem svetlobnem viru, ki mu pravimo Sonce. In zapomnite si: niti en človek, ki je kdaj bival, ni umrl. Pretvoril se je v svetlobo in kot takšen obstaja naprej. Skrivnost je v tem, da se ti delci svetlobe pretvorijo v svoje izvorno stanje.

NOVINAR: To je vstajenje od mrtvih!

TESLA: Jaz to raje imenujem: povratek v eno od predhodnih energij. Kristus in tudi nekateri drugi posamezniki so poznali to skrivnost. Jaz sem to raziskoval zato, da bi uvidel, kako se ohrani človeška energija. Ona je namreč eden od vidikov svetlobe, občasno enaka kot vrhovna nebeška svetloba. Tega nisem raziskoval zaradi sebe, temveč v dobro vseh nas. Verjamem, da bodo moja odkritja ljudem življenje olajšala, ga naredila bolj znosnega in ga usmerila na duhovnost in moralnost.

Vir: Internet
Prevod: Edvard Kadič (www.edvardkadic.com)
Objavljeno v: Duhovni svet, Izobraževanje, Mediji in časopisi, Politika, Prosta energija, Skrivnosti našega planeta, Starodavne skrivnosti, Voda, Zdravje

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nedelja, 6. januar 2013

by Naravoslovne inštrukcije: 70. obletnica smrti Nikole Tesle

Založba Sanje

Nič ni resnično, vse so le Sanje



Poskušam ukrotiti sile narave za blaginjo človeštva. (Nikola Tesla) 


Spoštovani bralci!


Prav na dan, ko bo minilo 70 let od smrti enega največjih izumiteljev, bomo osvetlili življenje in delo genija, rojenega pred svojim časom. Izhodišče pogovora bo dvojezična avtobiografija Nikole Tesle MOJI IZUMI/MY INVENTIONS, ki že takoj po izidu doživlja izjemne odzive.

Življenjska pripoved fizika, kemika in matematika, snovalca več kot 700 patentov ter izumitelja, ki je premišljal in domislil sodobno uporabo električne energije, je bogato opremljena s fotografijami in skicami izumov, pod izčrpno spremno besedo pa se je podpisal Andrej Detela.

Prvo poglavje lahko preberete na tej povezavi, knjigo pa lahko naročite v spletni knjigarni Sanje.

Nedoseženega genija, čigar brezštevilni izumi in osupljiva etična drža odmevajo v brezčasje, bosta poslušalcem približala glavna urednica založbe Sanje Tjaša Koprivec in Andrej Detela, fizik, izumitelj, pisatelj, potopisec in poznavalec dela Nikole Tesle.

Prisrčno vabljeni v Hišo sanjajočih knjig v Ljubljani - v ponedeljek, 7. januarja, ob 19. uri!


Založba Sanje


MOJI IZUMI v medijih

Televizija Slovenija: Kultura (11. 12.)
Radio Maribor: Valovanje besed (11. 12.)
Vikend: Knjiga tedna (14. 12.)
Televizija Slovenija: Osmi dan (3. 1.)
Radio Slovenija, program Ars: Ars humana (7. 1.)




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sobota, 22. december 2012

Rojstni dan raketnega inženirja Noordunga, by Inštrukcije naravoslovja

povzeto po spletnem portalu rtvslo.si

prispevek na spletnem naslovu: 



22. december: Rojstni dan raketnega inženirja Noordunga


Herman Potočnik Noordung
Rodil se je na današnji dan leta 1892. Foto: Noordung.Vesolje.net

Zgodilo se je na današnji dan leta ...
22. december 2012 ob 00:00,
zadnji poseg: 22. december 2012 ob 00:02
Ljubljana - MMC RTV SLO
Leta 1892 se je v Pulju rodil eden izmed utemeljiteljev vesoljske tehnike, raketni inženir slovenskega rodu Herman Potočnik z vzdevkom Noordung.
Po smrti Hermanovega očeta se je mati s štirimi otroki preselila na dom svojega očeta v Mariboru, ki je bil bogat trgovec z vinom, tako da je Herman otroštvo in obdobje osnovnega šolanja preživel v Mariboru. Imel je brata Adolfa in Gustava, oba sta bila mornariška častnika, ter sestro Frančko.
V Mariboru je Potočnik obiskoval osnovno šolo. Od leta 1910 do 1913 je študiral na vojaški tehniški akademiji v Mödlingu pri Dunaju in postal inženirski poročnik. Že naslednje leto je moral na fronto, kot strokovnjak za mostovne in železniške gradnje je deloval v Galiciji, Srbiji, Bosni, na soški fronti in na koncu ob Piavi. Ker je zbolel za jetiko, so ga leta 1919 upokojili s stotniškim činom. Tedaj se je na Dunaju lotil študija strojništva, leta 1922 je absolviral, tri leta kasneje postal inženir - specialist za raketno tehniko. Naslednja štiri leta, ki so mu še preostala do smrti, je preživel na Dunaju in se popolnoma posvetil načrtovanju poleta v vesolje.
27. avgusta 1929, pri 36 letih je na Dunaju umrl zaradi pljučnice, tam so ga tudi pokopali. Potočnik je avtor knjige Problem vožnje po vesolju - raketni motor (1928), ki velja za eno ključnih del pionirske astronavtike. Je tudi izumitelj geostacionarnega umetnega satelita.





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Elektrika iz Sahare? Slovenski izum, nemška kopija! by Inštrukcije naravoslovja

povzeto po spletnem portalu rtvslo.si

prispevek na spletnem naslovu:


Elektrika iz Sahare? Slovenski izum, nemška kopija!

MMC-jev intervju z izumiteljem Jožefom Vlahom
22. december 2012 ob 08:34
Maribor - MMC RTV SLO
"Izum ni stvar trenutka, je proces," z Einsteinovimi besedami svoje delo opisuje Jožef Vlah, ki ugotavlja, da smo Slovenci žal izjemni tudi na področju zavisti in pohlepa.
Vlah je za svoje izume prejel že nekaj nagrad, nazadnje (pred dvema mesecema) v Zagrebu zlato medaljo Mednarodne federacije združenj inovatorjev IFIA, ker je sestavil prototip za patent krogličnega mlina – napravo za mešanje in drobljenje, ki se jo lahko uporabi za vrsto različnih opravil v industriji ali kmetijstvu.
V Zagrebu ste dobili novo nagrado, tokrat za kroglični mlin, napravo za mešanje in drobljenje. Lahko razložite, za kaj točno gre?
Naprava omogoča rotacijo okrogle, jeklene posode, znotraj oblite s specialno oblogo in z vstavljenimi kroglami, ali rotacijo in nihanje osemkotne posode, tudi znotraj oblite z oblogo. Okrogla posoda vsebuje krogle premera od 17 do 50 mm (jeklene, porcelanske ali iz kakega drugega materiala), s pomočjo katerih melje (drobi) vsebino posode (podobno kot cementni mlini). Z osemkotno posodo, ki pa istočasno niha in rotira okoli svoje vzdolžne osi, lahko mešamo razne komponente (za farmacevtske izdelke, hrano za perutnino, drogo zdravilnih zeli ...), omogoča pa tudi čiščenje, poliranje in druge tehnološke operacije površinske obdelave kovin in plastike. Značilno za to napravo je, da je posoda enostavno snemljiva in da lahko namestimo posodo za kak drug namen ali posodo druge oblike. Z vklapljanjem ali izklapljanjem funkcije nihanja lahko tudi izbiramo primerno obravnavo vsebine izbrane posode.
Ko ste bili še rosno mladi, ste bili strojnik na ladji in ste si upali opravljati večja opravila. Ste takrat dobili prvo potrditev, koliko ste zmožni?
Kot mlad podčastnik mornariško tehnične stroke sem prejel upraviteljstvo stroja pri 22 letih. To mi je utrlo pot, da sem si upal opraviti večji remont glavnega in treh pomožnih strojev, ki so 'zaribali' zaradi neustreznega goriva. Vse to ob izdatni pomoči poveljnika ladje – tankerja PN – jugoslovanske vojne mornarice, ki je bil poročnik, Slovenec iz Ruš (Stanko Šebenik), in svojih treh mornarjev motoristov in električarja. Vsi so služili triletni rok in bili izšolani v civilnih šolah za strojne ključavničarje in električarja. Delali smo s primitivnimi orodji, vse ročno, edino pomoč strojne obdelave smo dobili v podjetju Viktor Lenac na Reki. Tako sem si prislužil prvo medaljo.
Kako, da ste si upali? 
Ko ladja plove - predvsem tanker, poln kerozina ali goriva D2 -, je kot bomba na morju. Udarec ob obalo ali nased na čer, je katastrofa za okolje. Že takrat, leta 1956, smo bili dobro vzgojeni in spoštovali pravila čuvanja okolja. Osnovno vodilo je bilo: ladja se ne sme ustaviti. To je gotova katastrofa. Tako sem ob lomu pritrdilnih vijakov vbrizgača na eni od petih glav 17-tonskega motorja, moral v zelo kratkem času, med vožnjo po viharnem morju, pritrditi vbrizgač nazaj v glavo motorja. Znašel sem se tako, da sva z motoristom postavila jekleno palico med vbrizgač in traverzo nad motorjem, ki je služila kot nosilna proga 150 kg verižnega dvigala. Seveda smo podlagali nad vbrizgač in opornik lesene podloga in po manj kot pol ure, je motor zopet stekel. Tovor približno 460 m3 goriva smo odpeljali v skladišče Jugopetrola v Dubrovački reki, se vrnili na Reko, kjer so nam v takratnem Torpedu napako odpravili in zamenjali poškodovano glavo motorja. O takih 'znajdi se' bi lahko napisal knjigo.
Vaše inovacije so pogosto odsev narave. Je ravno opazovanje narave in njenih zakonitosti predpogoj za uspešen izum?
Tako je. Vse moje ideje, tudi neobjavljene oziroma neprijavljene, so plod zaznav nečesa iz dejavnosti človeka, narave ali potrebe po olajšanju opravil. Imam šest idejnih zasnov za izume ali vsaj inovacije, od teh sta dve naročeni. Žal ne uspevam vseh spraviti na papir in realizirati zaradi pomanjkanja časa in sredstev. Doslej sem prijavil tri patente in eno avtorsko delo. Vsak izum pa terja stalno obnavljanje. Kot je dejal Albert Einstein: izum ni stvar trenutka, je proces. In tako se dogaja, da sem za svoj prvi prijavljeni izum, dogradil obliko posode in način uporabe naprave ter ga na novo patentiral.
So vsi vaši izumi patentno zaščiteni? Koliko lahko zaslužite s prodajo patenta?
Patentiral sem tri svoje inovacije. Od tega je prvi izum že izgubil patentno zaščito, za drugega še traja in je zaščiten le v Sloveniji, tako da je na razpolago morebitnim uporabnikom, da ga kopirajo povsod po svetu, saj jih predstavljam povsod od Kitajske, Nemčije, Srbije, Hrvaške in še kje. S patenti trenutno ne zaslužim nič. Drugo napravo, ki je patentirana in patent še velja, je vzel v uporabo obrtnik iz Pragerskega Vladimir Valant, ki pa je napravo vrnil, ker je moral zaradi neplačevanja dolžnikov zapreti obrt. Tretja naprava, ki sem vam jo predstavil na začetku, je pri podjetju Vulko oziroma g. Vregu, ki jo testira za potrebe čiščenja gumijastih izdelkov. Napravi, ki jo je izdelalo podjetje Alchrom Ruše, je prototip, manjših dimenzij in jo je treba dodelati, dodati možnost pretoka tekočine skozi posodo, zaradi izpiranja odpadlih delcev. Torej izum ni trenutek, je proces.
Kaj je bil glavni povod, da ste postali inovator?
Moja osnovna ideja je: rotiranje ob istočasnem nihanju z zamenljivo posodo. To je bistvo mojega sedanjega in predhodnih izumov. Ideja izvira iz časa, ko sem se ukvarjal z vinarstvom in nisem mogel več pomivati lesenih sodov. Tako sem postopoma, študijozno, določal parametre in gibe pri pomivanju ter na osnovi dodatnih podatkov starejšega sodarja narisal in izdelal prvo napravo za pomivanje lesenih sodov in jo patentiral. Zaščita izuma že za domače tržišče je izjemno draga. Za zaščito v evropskem ali svetovnem merilu pa presega meje možnega za 'garažne' izumitelje. Je pa še nekaj res. Izumiti napravo, sestavljeno iz kakih 400 delov, težko kakih 700 kg je eno, izumiti novi čip z večfunkcijsko nalogo, je drugo. Samo za risanje prve naprave na risalni deski sem porabil skupaj z izdelavo kosovnic (sestavnic) s pomočjo računalnika skoraj eno leto, vsak dan po več ur, pozno v noč.
Naredili ste načrt, kako izkoriščati sončevo energijo v Sahari. Takrat so vas razglasili za norega. Je res, da so potem to idejo uporabili Nemci?
Res sem v takratni Metalni, ki je imela pravilnik za vzpodbujanje inovativnosti, kot vodja oddelka za organizacijo in AOP, izdelal predlog, kako uporabljati sončno energijo v kombinaciji z vodnimi turbinami na Asuanu, na reki Nil. Metalna se je namreč ukvarjala z izdelavo hidroenergetskih objektov. Predlog je bil skrbno pripravljen, detajle je izrisala nečakinja, ki je kot tehnik delala v projektnem biroju, sam sem opremil z razlago in opisom detaljev. Šlo je za sistem paraboličnih zrcal s cevjo v samem fokusu za ogrevanje termo olja do visokih temperatur, ki v izmenjevalcu omogoča pridobivanje zasičene pare za pogon parnih strojev. Cel sistem ogledal (zaščitenih proti prahu in pesku) bi po elementih bil med sabo spojen s t. i. šork spojkami in v celoti krmiljen proti soncu s t. i. črno kroglo, ki preko senzorjev lovi sončni žarek, ki nato preko servomotorja krmili celoten sistem ogledal. S predlogom sem seznanil in ga vložil v takratnem sektorju za marketing, ki so ga ocenili kot izjemnega, ga predali vodju takratnega prodajno projektivne inženiringa za hidroopremo, ki ga je bojda vrgel v predal z izjavo, da sem fantast. Od predpisane nagrade nisem dobil nič. Potem pa je predlani junija Večer objavil članek, da bodo Nemci dobivali elektriko iz Sahare. Po spominu bi rekel, da je nekdo prepisal moj predlog o sončnih centralah v Egiptu.
Lahko poveste tudi za kakšne neposrečene inovacije, ki v praksi niso zaživele? Pomenijo takšne inovacije za vas neuspeh, ali znate to hitro pozabiti?
Ne morem potrditi, da je katera koli moja inovacija doživela neuspeh. Nasprotno. Doživljal sem priznanja na sejmih in s strani strokovnjakov. To, da svoje inovacije ne uspem prodati ali plasirati na trgu, je pa druga zgodba, ki še sledi. Moje prepričanje je, da priznanja na sejmih inovacij v Nürnbergu, Pekingu, Beogradu, Zagrebu ali kje drugje pomenijo veliko za inovacijo in inovatorja. Je vzpodbuda za nadaljnji trud, je potrditev nekega znanja in razmišljanja eminentnih strokovnjakov. Zaničljive izjave o medaljah in priznanjih raznih kvazi strokovnjakov so le odraz nerazgledanosti, slovenske zavisti (Boštjan M. Zupančič o rdečem maku, ki ne sme štrleti nad žitom ...) in nepoznavanja stroke. Če mi je za zadnjo inovacijo v Zagrebu evropska komisija dodelila zlato medaljo, hrvaška pa srebrno - je to potem ničvredno? Nek 'strokovnjak' mi je zabrusil, da si lahko te medalje nekam vtaknem ... To je tipičen odraz zaplankanosti. Če bi se na take izjave preveč oziral, me že več ne bi bilo.

Kako, da ste pri 77 letih še vedno sposobni tako dobro razmišljati? Je vaš moto zdrav duh v zdravem telesu?
Tako je. Težko otroštvo za časa 2. svetovne vojne in po vojni, več lačen kakor sit, delo v pionirskih in mladinskih delovnih brigadah, zganjanje športa ob skromni hrani (plavanje, skoki v vodo, košarka), težki pogoji šolanja in špartanska vzgoja v vojaški šoli, življenje in delo na ladjah brez udobja (brez tople vode, neogrete kabine, hrup motorjev …). Po vrnitvi v civilno življenje dopolnilno šolanje na strojni fakulteti (nedokončani), dokončanje višje in visoke šole v Kranju ob družini in dveh otrokih, delo na zahtevnih delovnih mestih, vse to me je sililo k stalnemu miselnemu angažmaju, da ne omenjam aktivnega delovanja v planinstvu, rednem obiskovanju plavalnih bazenov in redni jutranji telovadbi, kar se je začelo že pred skoraj 50 leti. Po upokojitvi sem imel pogodbena dela preko AA-cije in se ukvarjal z inovartorstvem. Trening možganov, kondicija miselnega procesa pogojujejo aktivno delovanje možganov, ki so motor celotnega organizma. Že od mladosti me je spremljalo naravno zdravilstvo kot dediščina pokojne matere. Pijte KRT (kopriva, rman, trpotec), da ne boste šli prezgodaj v krtovo deželo. Po patru Ašiču.

Slovenija naj bi bila po številu inovacij zelo opazna, toda gospodarstvu to ne pomaga. Kje vidite problem?
Nekaj o odnosu do inovatorjev sem že omenil. Slovenci smo, tako kot pri delu, šolanju, športu, vojskovanju in še kje, kot mali narod izjemni. Žal tudi na področju zavisti in pohlepa. In če je to iztočnica, je razlog za neuspešnost pri uporabi inovacij v treh točkah (po moje): večina inovatorjev izven podjetij nima sredstev za realizacijo idej, podjetja financirajo le svoje inovacije, ker smatrajo, da je vlaganje v tuje inovacije preveč tvegano, nedokazano. Tuja podjetja in posamezniki pa nezaščitene izume poberejo brez odškodnine. Stroji, naprave, ki bi bili primerni za uporabo v podjetjih, vodilni rajenaročajo v tujini, ker dobijo provizijo od proizvajalcev, od nas inovatorjev pa ne dobijo ničesar kot posamezniki. Naše izume bi morali razvijati in vlagati sredstva v razvoj, zunaj pa kupijo za nekajkrat višjo ceno in bi ostali brez provizij. To upam trditi iz lastnih izkušenj.
In kot najpomembnejše: vsa naša industrija, ki je absorbirala maso kadrov iz naših univerz, ki so zato bile tudi kvalitetnejše, bi absorbirala tudi naše izume in inovacije. Industrijo so v 20 letih dobesedno uničili s takoimenovano tranzicijo. V Mariboru 24 velikih in srednjih podjetij so vladajoči s svojimi ukrepi dobesedno uničili. Kdo naj absorbira šolajoče kadre, predvsem tehničnih in naravoslovnih strok, če ni industrije? Imamo pa poplavo ekonomistov in drugih družboslovcev, ki niso zaposleni ali pa so kot ekonomisti postali sami sebi namen. Profit pa pobirajo tuji trgovci in ga vlagajo v razvoj trgovskih mrež v tujini. Oni ne potrebujejo naših izumov, ampak samo kupce, poceni delovno silo (ekonomisti sedijo na blagajnah veletrgovin) in ogromne površine naše slovenske rodovitnem zemlje.
Kako vas vidijo drugi upokojenci? Se vam zdi, da zelo izstopate, ker ste tako ustvarjalni?
So upokojenci, ki sem jim na nek način v ponos, medtem ko so nekateri mlajši ali takšni, ki jim ni do dodatnih let do upokojitve celo sovražni, kar dokazujejo v nekaterih izjavah na moj račun, češ da s svojim delom samo podpiram vladne predloge za podaljšanje dobe aktivnega dela do upokojitve. Razumem ene in druge. Današnji aktivni delavci, ki garajo po 10, 12 ali celo štirinajst ur dnevno, tudi ob sobotah, ne bodo pokojnine niti dočakali. Tukaj gre predvsem za fizične delavce, obrtnike in ljudi, ki so in bodo še bolj zgarani. Ne bom omenjal ljudi, ki se ne prehranjujejo zadostno, so predani pitju in cigaretam. Tem ne kaže dobro.
Večkrat ste se pohvalili, da je vaš Maribor najlepše slovensko mesto. Se strinjate, da je bilo včasih to živahnejše mesto kot danes?
Se strinjam in upam trditi, da je res. Moj oče je kot Primorec prišel v Maribor leta 1929, se poročil in delal na mestnem Magistratu kot gradbeni tehnik. Njegovo delo je vezano na Mariborski otok, kjer sem preživel najlepša otroška leta. Da pa je bilo kopališče na otoku eno najsodobnejših in najlepših v Evropi, pišejo mnogi viri. Sedaj je kopališče v razsulu, podrli so skakalni most, kjer sem se učil skakati v vodo, v velikem bazenu treniral plavanje. Iz otoka izhajajo velika plavalna imena kot so Ljubo Brandner, Matjaž Brandner, Janez Kocmur, Majda Muravs in še mnogi manj znani.
Maribor so po odhodu nemško govorečih meščanov naselili družabni Primorci, mesto se je razvilo v drugo največje industrijsko mesto v Jugoslaviji in utrip mesta, ki je delalo in dihalo, je bil živahen. Povsod živa glasba od Treh ribnikov, Velike kavarne, kavarne Astoria, paviljona v mastnem parku, ki je še danes izjemno lep, celo opero Rusalka Antonina Dvoršaka so med brezami priredili v mestnem parku. Vsak večer je po Aleksandrovi cesti pred Unionsko dvorano, potekal korzo po vzgledu primorskih mest. Restavracija Čeligi, Mileta in še kje so bili vrtovi, kjer se je ob lepih dnevih pomenkovalo ob dobrem pivu ali dalmatinskem vinu. Mesto je bilo bombardirano od angloameriških zaveznikov, ki so napravili ogromno škodo, Mariborčani pa so z odrekanjem in udarniškim delom (tudi jaz) svoje mesto obnovili in ga imamo zato še bolj radi.

Projektirali ste idejno zasnovo plavajočega kopališča na Dravi. Lahko poveste več?
Ob razpisu idej za Maribor, prestolnica kulture, sem izdelal predlog z idejnim načrtom in opisom projekta, ki sem ga poslal takratnemu županu Kanglerju. Čakal sem na odgovor, ki ga nisem dočakal. Gre za pomanjkanje domače vzgoje in popolno neupoštevanje pravil poslovnega obnašanja. Ne čudite se, če ljudje zahtevajo odstrel takih primitivcev. Šele po tretji urgenci me je povabil na razgovor ing. Janez Hancman in poslal predlog na sektor za urejanje prostora, da se vključi v natečaj podlage za območje ureditve reke Drave. Po razgovoru na oddelku za urejanje prostora, sem dobil odgovor, da je kopališče – ploščad prevelika za reko Dravo. Kar pomeni, da teksta niti prebrali niso ...
Kako vidite burne dogodke, ki se v Mariboru dogajajo v zadnjem času?
Problem Maribora je le odsev dogajanj v evropskem in svetovnem merilu. Mariborčani so odreagirali le na izziv v zvezi s Kanglerjevimi radarji. Pa ne zaradi reda, ki bi ga naj ti radarji uvedli. Red je še kako potreben. Šlo je predvsem za način zbiranja kazni s pomočjo radarjev in pogodbo med Iskro in Kanglerjem. To je bil le povod, vzroki pa so notranjega značaja, ki sem ga opisal v vprašanju o Mariboru, brezposelnosti, brezperspektivnosti mladih, uničenih podjetjih in vse, kar je povezano z razkrojem vseh moralnih, etičnih in pravnih norm. Rekel bi, popolna entropija sistema družbe kot celote.
T. O.

Jožef Vlah je do zdaj prijavil tri patente in eno avtorsko delo. Pravi, da s patenti trenutno ne zasluži nič. Foto: MMC RTV SLO
      Moja osnovna ideja je: rotiranje ob istočasnem nihanju z zamenljivo posodo. To je bistvo mojega sedanjega in predhodnih izumov. Ideja izvira iz časa, ko sem se ukvarjal z vinarstvom in nisem mogel več pomivati lesenih sodov. Tako sem postopoma, študiozno, določal parametre in gibe pri pomivanju ter na osnovi dodatnih podatkov starejšega sodarja narisal in izdelal prvo napravo za pomivanje lesenih sodov ter jo patentiral.      
Krogelni mlin je naprava za mešanje in drobljenje, ki se jo lahko uporabi za vrsto različnih opravil v industriji ali kmetijstvu. Foto: MMC RTV SLO
      Izumiti napravo, sestavljeno iz kakih 400 delov, težko kakih 700 kg, je eno, izumiti nov čip z večfunkcijsko nalogo je drugo. Samo za risanje prve naprave na risalni deski sem porabil - skupaj z izdelavo kosovnic (sestavnic) s pomočjo računalnika -skoraj eno leto, vsak dan po več ur, pozno v noč.      
Od 10. do 13. oktobra je v Nacionalni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Zagrebu potekala 10. mednarodna razstava inovacij ARCA 2012, ki jo je pod pokroviteljstvom predsednika Republike Hrvaške Iva Josipovića organiziralo Združenje inovatorjev Hrvaške. Na njej je bilo predstavljenih prek 340 izumov iz 14 držav, med njimi tudi devet slovenskih. Foto: MMC RTV SLO
      Zaničljive izjave o medaljah in priznanjih raznih kvazi strokovnjakov so le odraz nerazgledanosti, slovenske zavisti in nepoznavanja stroke.      
V Zagrebu je prejel zlato medaljo Mednarodne federacije združenj inovatorjev IFIA. Foto: MMC RTV SLO
      Podjetja financirajo le svoje inovacije, ker smatrajo, da je vlaganje v tuje inovacije preveč tvegano, nedokazano. Tuja podjetja in posamezniki pa nezaščitene izume poberejo brez odškodnine.      
V življenju je imel Jožef Vlah številne težke preizkušnje, ki so ga utrdile. Zavzema se, da Slovenija izstopi iz zveze Nato in da se "zaradi domovinske vzgoje, pozitivnega prehoda mladih iz mladostništva v zrele in odgovorne državljane" postopno uvede naborniško oblikovanje Slovenske vojske. Foto: EPA
      Ob razpisu idej za Maribor, prestolnica kulture, sem izdelal predlog z idejnim načrtom za plavajoče kopališče na Dravi in opisom projekta, ki sem ga poslal takratnemu županu Kanglerju. Čakal sem na odgovor, ki ga nisem dočakal. Gre za pomanjkanje domače vzgoje in popolno neupoštevanje pravil poslovnega obnašanja. Ne čudite se, če ljudje zahtevajo odstrel takih primitivcev.      
Vlah je izdelal predlog z idejno zasnovo plavajočega kopališča na Dravi, vendar odgovora župana Franca Kanglerja ni dočakal. Foto: MMC RTV SLO
      Današnji aktivni delavci, ki garajo po 10, 12 ali celo štirinajst ur dnevno, tudi ob sobotah, ne bodo pokojnine niti dočakali. Tukaj gre predvsem za fizične delavce, obrtnike in ljudi, ki so in bodo še bolj zgarani. Ne bom omenjal ljudi, ki se ne prehranjujejo zadostno, so predani pitju in cigaretam. Tem ne kaže dobro.      



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